The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Volume 136, Issue 5 , Pages 1123-1130 , November 2008

Regional heterogeneity within the aorta: Relevance to aneurysm disease

Received 27 May 2008 ,Accepted 24 June 2008.

References 

  1. Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Goldstein LJ, Elefteriades JA. Natural history, pathogenesis, and etiology of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Cardiol Clin. 1999;17:615–635vii
  2. Wassef M, Baxter BT, Chisholm RL, et al. Pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a multidisciplinary research program supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. J Vasc Surg. 2001;34:730–738
  3. Bickerstaff LK, Pairolero PC, Hollier LH, et al. Thoracic aortic aneurysms: a population-based study. Surgery. 1982;92:1103–1108
  4. Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, et al. Prevalence and associations of abdominal aortic aneurysm detected through screening. Aneurysm Detection and Management (ADAM) Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:441–449
  5. Lederle FA, Wilson SE, Johnson GR, et al. Immediate repair compared with surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1437–1444
  6. Davies RR, Gallo A, Coady MA, et al. Novel measurement of relative aortic size predicts rupture of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:169–177
  7. Ito S, Akutsu K, Tamori Y, et al. Differences in atherosclerotic profiles between patients with thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:696–699
  8. Loeys BL, Chen J, Neptune ER, et al. A syndrome of altered cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurocognitive and skeletal development caused by mutations in TGFBR1 or TGFBR2. Nat Genet. 2005;37:275–281
  9. Pannu H, Fadulu VT, Chang J, et al. Mutations in transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II cause familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Circulation. 2005;112:513–520
  10. Roberts WC, Ko JM. Frequency by decades of unicuspid, bicuspid, and tricuspid aortic valves in adults having isolated aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis, with or without associated aortic regurgitation. Circulation. 2005;111:920–925
  11. Verloes A, Sakalihasan N, Koulischer L, Limet R. Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta: familial and genetic aspects in three hundred thirteen pedigrees. J Vasc Surg. 1995;21:646–655
  12. Gadson PF, Dalton ML, Patterson E, et al. Differential response of mesoderm- and neural crest-derived smooth muscle to TGF-beta1: regulation of c-myb and alpha1 (I) procollagen genes. Exp Cell Res. 1997;230:169–180
  13. Dalton ML, Gadson PF, Wrenn RW, Rosenquist TH. Homocysteine signal cascade: production of phospholipids, activation of protein kinase C, and the induction of c-fos and c-myb in smooth muscle cells. FASEB J. 1997;11:703–711
  14. Thieszen SL, Dalton M, Gadson PF, et al. Embryonic lineage of vascular smooth muscle cells determines responses to collagen matrices and integrin receptor expression. Exp Cell Res. 1996;227:135–145
  15. Wolinsky H, Glagov S. Comparison of abdominal and thoracic aortic medial structure in mammals. Deviation of man from the usual pattern. Circ Res. 1969;25:677–686
  16. Wolinsky H. Comparison of medial growth of human thoracic and abdominal aortas. Circ Res. 1970;27:531–538
  17. Halloran BG, Davis VA, McManus BM, et al. Localization of aortic disease is associated with intrinsic differences in aortic structure. J Surg Res. 1995;59:17–22
  18. Vorp DA, Raghavan ML, Muluk SC, et al. Wall strength and stiffness of aneurysmal and nonaneurysmal abdominal aorta. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996;800:274–276
  19. Fillinger MF, Marra SP, Raghavan ML, Kennedy FE. Prediction of rupture risk in abdominal aortic aneurysm during observation: wall stress versus diameter. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37:724–732
  20. Groenink M, Langerak SE, Vanbavel E, et al. The influence of aging and aortic stiffness on permanent dilation and breaking stress of the thoracic descending aorta. Cardiovasc Res. 1999;43:471–480
  21. Raghavan ML, Webster MW, Vorp DA. Ex vivo biomechanical behavior of abdominal aortic aneurysm: assessment using a new mathematical model. Ann Biomed Eng. 1996;24:573–582
  22. Vorp DA, Schiro BJ, Ehrlich MP, et al. Effect of aneurysm on the tensile strength and biomechanical behavior of the ascending thoracic aorta. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:1210–1214
  23. Flamant M, Placier S, Dubroca C, et al. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in early hypertensive vascular remodeling. Hypertension. 2007;50:212–218
  24. He CM, Roach MR. The composition and mechanical properties of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 1994;20:6–13
  25. Strong JP, Malcom GT, McMahan CA, et al. Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA. 1999;281:727–735
  26. Homma S, Troxclair DA, Zieske AW, et al. Histological topographical comparisons of atherosclerosis progression in juveniles and young adults. Atherosclerosis. 2008;197:791–798
  27. Galis ZS, Khatri JJ. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Circ Res. 2002;90:251–262
  28. Aimes RT, Quigley JP. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is an interstitial collagenase. Inhibitor-free enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of collagen fibrils and soluble native type I collagen generating the specific 3/4- and 1/4-length fragments. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:5872–5876
  29. Lesauskaite V, Tanganelli P, Sassi C, et al. Smooth muscle cells of the media in the dilatative pathology of ascending thoracic aorta: morphology, immunoreactivity for osteopontin, matrix metalloproteinases, and their inhibitors. Hum Pathol. 2001;32:1003–1011
  30. Sinha I, Bethi S, Cronin P, et al. A biologic basis for asymmetric growth in descending thoracic aortic aneurysms: a role for matrix metalloproteinase 9 and 2. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43:342–348
  31. Schmoker JD, McPartland KJ, Fellinger EK, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor expression in atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic thoracic aortic aneurysms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:155–161
  32. McNulty M, Spiers P, McGovern E, Feely J. Aging is associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity in the human aorta. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:504–509
  33. Barbour JR, Stroud RE, Lowry AS, et al. Temporal disparity in the induction of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases after thoracic aortic aneurysm formation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132:788–795
  34. Crowther M, Goodall S, Jones JL, et al. Increased matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells cultured from abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2000;32:575–583
  35. Freestone T, Turner RJ, Coady A, et al. Inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases in the enlarging abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15:1145–1151
  36. Longo GM, Xiong W, Greiner TC, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 work in concert to produce aortic aneurysms. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:625–632
  37. Jones JA, Barbour JR, Lowry AS, et al. Spatiotemporal expression and localization of matrix metalloproteinas-9 in a murine model of thoracic aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:1314–1321
  38. Tamarina NA, McMillan WD, Shively VP, Pearce WH. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in aneurysms and normal aorta. Surgery. 1997;122:264–272
  39. McMillan WD, Tamarina NA, Cipollone M, et al. Size matters: the relationship between MMP-9 expression and aortic diameter. Circulation. 1997;96:2228–2232
  40. Xiong W, Knispel R, Mactaggart J, Baxter BT. Effects of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 deficiency on aneurysm formation. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:1061–1066
  41. Koullias GJ, Ravichandran P, Korkolis DP, et al. Increased tissue microarray matrix metalloproteinase expression favors proteolysis in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:2106–2111
  42. Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Assoian RK, et al. Transforming growth factor type beta: rapid induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis in vivo and stimulation of collagen formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83:4167–4171
  43. Absi TS, Sundt TM, Tung WS, et al. Altered patterns of gene expression distinguishing ascending aortic aneurysms from abdominal aortic aneurysms: complementary DNA expression profiling in the molecular characterization of aortic disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126:344–357
  44. Middleton RK, Lloyd GM, Bown MJ, et al. The pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokine microenvironment of the abdominal aortic aneurysm wall: a protein array study. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:574–580
  45. Kusano K, Miyaura C, Inada M, et al. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -3, -9, and -13) by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in mouse calvaria: association of MMP induction with bone resorption. Endocrinology. 1998;139:1338–1345
  46. Tang PC, Yakimov AO, Teesdale MA, et al. Transmural inflammation by interferon-gamma-producing T cells correlates with outward vascular remodeling and intimal expansion of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms. FASEB J. 2005;19:1528–1530
  47. Galle C, Schandene L, Stordeur P, et al. Predominance of type 1 CD4+ T cells in human abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;142:519–527
  48. Schonbeck U, Sukhova GK, Gerdes N, Libby P. T(H)2 predominant immune responses prevail in human abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Pathol. 2002;161:499–506
  49. Chung AW, Au Yeung K, Sandor GG, et al. Loss of elastic fiber integrity and reduction of vascular smooth muscle contraction resulting from the upregulated activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in the thoracic aortic aneurysm in Marfan syndrome. Circ Res. 2007;101:512–522
  50. Dai J, Losy F, Guinault AM, et al. Overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta1 stabilizes already-formed aortic aneurysms: a first approach to induction of functional healing by endovascular gene therapy. Circulation. 2005;112:1008–1015

 Supported by National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grant R01–HL075488-04.

PII: S0022-5223(08)00986-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.06.027

The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Volume 136, Issue 5 , Pages 1123-1130 , November 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution