Editor Andrew S. Wechsler, Philadelphia, PA

Section Editors Ralph J. Damiano, Jr, St Louis, MO D. Craig Miller, Stanford, CA G. Alexander Patterson, St Louis, MO Thomas L. Spray, Philadelphia, PA

Statistics Editor Eugene H. Blackstone, Cleveland, OH

Ethics Editor Martin F. McKneally, Toronto, Canada

Managing Editor Pamela W. Fried, Philadelphia, PA

Editorial Assistants Margaret Etherington, Philadelphia, PA Jonathan Nigro, Philadelphia, PA

Senior Production Editor Lois R. Lindley, St Louis, MO

Former Editors Evarts A. Graham, Editor, 1931-1957 Emile Holman, Editor, 1957-1962 Brian Blades, Editor, 1962-1977 Dwight C. McGoon, Editor, 1977-1987 John W. Kirklin, Editor, 1987-1994 John A. Waldhausen, Editor, 1995-2000

Editorial Board Cary W. Akins, Boston, MA Carl Lewis Backer, Chicago, IL Friedhelm Beyersdorf, Freiburg, Germany R. Morton Bolman III, Minneapolis, MN Ray Chu-Jeng Chiu, Montreal, Canada Lawrence H. Cohn, Boston, MA Joseph S. Coselli, Houston, TX Marc R. de Leval, London, England Davis C. Drinkwater, Jr, Nashville, TN M. Arisan Ergin, Englewood, NJ J. William Gaynor, Philadelphia, PA Donald D. Glower, Jr, Durham, NC Alden H. Harken, Denver, CO David J. Harpole, Jr, Durham, NC Axel Haverich, Hannover, Germany Valluvan Jeevanandam, Chicago, IL Larry R. Kaiser, Philadelphia, PA Harold L. Lazar, Boston, MA Antoon E. M. R. Lerut, Leuven, Belgium Michael Maddaus, Minneapolis, MN Roger B. B. Mee, Cleveland, OH Robert M. Mentzer, Jr, Lexington, KY Marc R. Moon, St Louis, MO Ivan M. Rebeyka, Edmonton, Canada Thomas W. Rice, Cleveland, OH Robert C. Robbins, Stanford, CA Valerie W. Rusch, New York, NY Hartzell V. Schaff, Rochester, MN Frank W. Sellke, Boston, MA Francis Spinale, Charleston, SC David J. Sugarbaker, Boston, MA Marko Turina, Zurich, Switzerland Willem Van Oeveren, Groningen, Netherlands Jakob Vinten-Johansen, Atlanta, GA William G. Williams, Toronto, Canada

The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

President Fred A. Crawford, Jr, Charleston, SC

Vice President Joel D. Cooper, St Louis, MO

Secretary Tirone E. David, Toronto, Canada

Secretary-Elect Irving L. Kron, Charlottesville, VA

Treasurer Richard A. Jonas, Boston, MA

Editor Andrew S. Wechsler, Philadelphia, PA

Executive Director Robert P. Jones, Jr, Manchester, MA

Councillors Timothy J. Gardner, Philadelphia, PA O. Wayne Isom, New York, NY Bruce W. Lytle, Cleveland, OH Carolyn E. Reed, Charleston, SC David J. Sugarbaker, Boston, MA

The Western Thoracic Surgical Association

President Edward D. Verrier, Seattle, WA

Vice President Vaughn A. Starnes, Los Angeles, CA

Secretary R. Scott Mitchell, Stanford, CA

Treasurer Douglas E. Wood, Seattle, WA

Editor Andrew S. Wechsler, Philadelphia, PA

Historian Richard G. Fosburg, Palm Desert, CA

ACS Board of Governors Steven W. Guyton, Seattle, WA

Executive Director Robert P. Jones, Jr, Manchester, MA

Councillors Robbin G. Cohen, Los Angeles, CA Donald B. Doty, Salt Lake City, UT Elliot T. Gelfand, Edmonton, Canada W. R. Eric Jamieson, Vancouver, Canada

Councillor/Founder Arthur N. Thomas, San Francisco, CA