The role of oxidative stress in the development of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations after cavopulmonary anastomosis

CPA as performed in this model.

Pulmonary HIF-1α protein expression after CPA and PAB. Representative results from Western blot analysis are displayed with corresponding densitometry results. Expression increased 4-fold after CPA and was unchanged after PAB. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3 at each time point).

HO-1 protein expression was upregulated 2.5-fold after CPA (P = .002) and unchanged after PAB. Representative results from Western blot analysis are displayed with corresponding densitometry results. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3 at each time point).

Pulmonary GLUT-1 expression was upregulated 2.5-fold after CPA (P = .02) but was unchanged after PAB. Representative results from Western blot analysis are displayed with corresponding densitometry results. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3 at each time point).

Pulmonary CD62 protein expression was upregulated 3- to 4-fold after CPA (P = .002) and unchanged after PAB. Representative results from Western blot analysis are displayed with corresponding densitometry results. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3 at each time point).

Pulmonary VEGF protein expression was upregulated 3- to 4-fold after both CPA (P = .003) and PAB (P = .008). Representative results from Western blot analysis are displayed with corresponding densitometry results. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3 at each time point).

Pulmonary Flt-1 protein expression was increased 2- to 3-fold after CPA (P = .006) and PAB (P = .01). Representative results from Western blot analysis are displayed with corresponding densitometry results. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3 at each time point).

Photomicrographs of VEGF immunolocalization in lung tissue 5 weeks after the operation. (Original magnification 200×.) In A there is a lack of staining in the pulmonary arteriolar wall of the sham-operated control specimens. Enhanced endothelial staining 2 weeks after CPA is demonstrated in B. Black arrows indicate stained endothelium. The white arrow identifies the airway wall for comparison. In C increased staining is demonstrated in PAB specimens as well.

Immunolocalization of CD62. (Original magnification 200×.) Shown are photomicrographs of control (A), CPA (B), and PAB (C) specimens 5 weeks after the operation. In A arrows indicate the unstained vessel wall. In B upregulation of angiotensin II after CPA is localized to pulmonary arterial endothelium. The white arrow indicates unstained bronchiolar wall. The PAB specimen in C reveals a lack of increased pulmonary endothelial CD62 expression.