The beneficial vortex and best spatial arrangement in total extracardiac cavopulmonary connection

Flow visualization of type 1 phantom.

Velocity field relative to type 1 phantom, generated by PIV analysis, 40:60 SVC/IVC ratio.

Numeric simulation of flow field in type 1 phantom corresponding to experimental case: Re 700, IVC 60% of total venous return, SVC 40%, equal pulmonary arterial flows. a, Streamlines. b, Vorticity fields contours, level from zero (dotted lines) with steps at ±0.5. Gray lines represent positive levels; black lines represent negative levels.

Flow visualization of type 1 phantom. LPA is stenosed, with RPA carrying 70% of pulmonary flow.

Flow visualization of type 2 phantom. Collision of converging caval flows generates circular swirling patterns.

Power dissipation (see Equation 1) for both TECPC phantom circulations.

Appendix Fig. 1. Pair of typical particle images analyzed with PIV technique. Interval (Δt) between image recordings must be chosen to minimize loss of particles in second image while achieving appreciable displacement between images because of local velocity.

Appendix Fig. 2. Cross-correlation function of intensity of images shown in Appendix Figure 1. Highest peak reveals average displacement(s) of the particles during interval (Δt).